Home » “The Tomb of the Empire”? “The grave of democracy”? -FT中文网

“The Tomb of the Empire”? “The grave of democracy”? -FT中文网

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This article is one of the author’s Afghanistan series of review articles

Upheaval

The shocking and dramatic changes in the situation in Afghanistan in the past few days have shocked the world. The Aren is like a bolt from the blue, and the United States and its allies have suffered shame and do not know what to do. But here we have caused a completely different heated discussion: some people have radically changed their attitude towards the Taliban based on the main theme in the past month: since the foreign minister’s reception of the “Taliban”, the Taliban started from the “terrorist killer”, the female nemesis, and the external cause of the unrest in Xinjiang. First, the main suspect in the murder of the Afghan compatriots suddenly became the “Afghan Liberation Army” in just a few days. It even said that the success of the Taliban was to learn from Chairman Mao’s “protracted war” and “rural siege of cities.” Regardless of the fact that our official contacts with the Taliban are far behind the United States and Russia, the specifications are not higher; the Taliban’s external “united front” shows are not limited to China, and they have no special favor. Communist. Some people are heartbroken at the tragic failure of the US “democratic experiment” in Afghanistan in the past 20 years, exclaiming that Afghanistan has changed from an “imperial tomb” to a “democratic tomb”, believing that Afghanistan’s experience is sufficient to prove “cultural determinism.” Others agree that the “Da Qin Fu” is disgusted with democracy, but they are not optimistic from a geopolitical perspective. They believe that the Taliban’s nature is difficult to change, and the United Front discourse is unreliable. Its victory must have a negative impact on my country’s Muslim regions; and the United States originally wanted to To shrink the front in order to fight China with all its strength, even though it is not a wish to retreat in this humiliating way, it is not because we have lost our horses; and my country has added a source of chaos in the long run.

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These claims may have some basis. We might as well watch the change with the mentality of “the owl of Minnafa flies only at dusk”. But as far as the known information is concerned, we can still carry out some new analysis from the perspective of insufficient attention in the past.

First of all, whether it is “the tomb of empire” or “the tomb of democracy”-the Soviet Union seems to be neither a traditional empire nor a democracy. Its failure may be called the “tomb of socialism”? ——In fact, they all refer to the external “powers”, such as the British Empire, the imperial Russia-Soviet Union, and the United States, who were involved in the defeat in Afghanistan. But in fact, paying special attention to the interference of distant “superpowers” is certainly a common perspective in the modern “anti-colonial” trend. This kind of modern grand narrative is more prevalent in both the East and the West. But in fact, from the “distant diplomatic and close attack” in the traditional era to contemporary geopolitics, the real “interference in internal affairs” is most likely to be between neighboring countries, even if they are weaker than the “superpowers” in the distance, and ” All have been bullied by imperialism.”

This is because conflicts of interest are more likely to occur between neighboring countries, and the second is because the modern concepts of international relations such as “sovereign state” and “non-interference in internal affairs” were originally in the “Westphalian system” created by the so-called great powers today. Forming. There is no such concept in the traditional era. Although the phenomenon of the weak and the strong has not disappeared until the contemporary era after the emergence of this system, it is definitely more common and prominent in the traditional era. These two common senses should not be obscured by modern grand narratives.

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National Identity and the Issue of “Pashtostan” Identity

The governance of Afghanistan is a dual dilemma of external geopolitics and internal politics. We will talk about the latter later, and this article will discuss the former first.

Afghanistan is a multi-ethnic country, which many people know. However, Afghanistan’s “multi-ethnicity” has several characteristics, and you may not know too much: the country not only lacks a “main ethnic group” that accounts for the majority of the population, and the four main ethnic groups are all cross-border. It doesn’t matter if you cross the border, so are the Zhuang and Jingpo people in our country. However, among the four major cross-border ethnic groups in Afghanistan, “two and a half” have their own national “motherland” abroad, and the strengths of these countries and Afghanistan are not very different. At the same time, most of the compatriots of two ethnic groups are abroad, and they are the two largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan. What is even rarer is that these characteristics overlap again. what does that mean?

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