Diseases That Worsen in the Heat: Understanding the Risks and Precautions
As the summer temperatures rise, it is important to be aware of the potential dangers that excessive heat poses to certain individuals. Some diseases and medical conditions can worsen when exposed to high temperatures, making it crucial for patients and their caretakers to take extra precautions.
Patients with certain pathologies that alter the body’s ability to regulate temperature or increase overall fragility are at higher risk in hot weather. For instance, individuals who are excessively thin or obese have a harder time adapting to high temperatures. Additionally, those with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of excessive heat.
People with cardiovascular diseases, such as a history of heart attack or stroke, arrhythmias, heart failure, or high cholesterol, face increased challenges in tolerating high temperatures. Hypertensive and elderly individuals with heart conditions may experience sudden drops in blood pressure, particularly when transitioning from lying down to an upright position, a condition known as “orthostatic hypotension.”
Patients suffering from diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or other neurological conditions may also be at greater risk due to dehydration. Neurological pathologies can impair the brain’s response to thirst, making it difficult for patients to perceive when they need to hydrate, leading to more frequent dehydration.
Moreover, severe renal insufficiency can expose individuals to greater pressure swings, necessitating regular monitoring of blood pressure and weight. Patients must inform their doctors if they experience excessive weight loss or consistent blood pressure drops.
Psychiatric conditions can also make patients vulnerable to heat-related risks. Individuals with psychiatric pathologies may have a lower degree of risk awareness, leading to inappropriate behavior. Additionally, psychiatric patients often take medications that can exacerbate the effects of heat. Caretakers should ensure that these individuals receive proper nutrition, hydration, and medication management, checking with their doctors for possible adjustments to their treatment plan.
It is crucial to be aware of certain medications that can have side effects in hot weather. Individuals who take more than four types of medications daily may be at higher risk as the heat can enhance or promote the discomfort associated with some drugs. Blood pressure-lowering medications, diuretics, drugs that can cause vomiting or diarrhea, and those that can affect kidney function should be monitored closely. Medications that impair alertness or have potential dehydration effects should also be used cautiously. Patients should consult their doctors if they have any doubts or concerns about their medication regimen.
The heat can have various effects on blood pressure and the cardiovascular system. Excessive heat causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to a reduction in pressure. This drop in blood pressure can result in syncope, especially for those who have low blood pressure or are taking antihypertensive medications. To prevent syncope, individuals should avoid sudden posture changes, especially when getting out of bed, and take intermediate positions before standing up.
The heart also faces risks during hot weather. The drop in blood pressure causes an increase in heart rate and contractility as it tries to maintain normal blood pressure levels. While healthy individuals can tolerate this acceleration, those at high cardiovascular risk, such as those who have experienced a heart attack, have high cholesterol, or take medications that slow down heart rate, need to be cautious. Dehydration caused by heat can increase the likelihood of blood clots, leading to heart attacks and strokes.
Individuals with hypertension should consult their doctors to evaluate their treatment plan and potentially adjust the medication dosage. Those with low blood pressure must be even more careful to prevent further drops that could result in syncope. Regular blood pressure checks are recommended during the summer to ensure it remains within a safe range.
People with diabetes are also at a greater risk of cardiovascular events during summer heat. High blood sugar increases fluid loss through urine, leading to dehydration. Antidiabetic medications, such as SGLT-2 inhibitors, can further contribute to fluid loss. It is essential for individuals with diabetes to stay hydrated, even if they are not experiencing extreme thirst. Monitoring blood sugar levels more frequently is necessary to prevent hypoglycemic episodes, which can occur due to changes in activity levels, meal intervals, and carbohydrate distribution. Individuals should adapt their therapy to accommodate the summer lifestyle and be mindful of signs of low blood sugar, such as excessive sweating.
Patients with diabetes should be cautious in the heat to prevent skin complications. Walking barefoot should be avoided as even minor skin lesions from hot surfaces can become serious in individuals with diabetes. Furthermore, those with peripheral neuropathy are more susceptible to heat and sun damage and should take extra precautions to protect themselves from burns.
The respiratory system is also affected by hot weather, particularly in terms of respiratory diseases. Dehydration caused by high temperatures can make airway secretions less fluid, leading to the stagnation of mucus in the bronchi. This can exacerbate respiratory conditions like chronic bronchitis or emphysema and increase the risk of bronchopneumonia. Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may experience worsened symptoms, necessitating increased medication use and reduced lung function. Heatwaves can lead to a 22.5% increase in mortality for those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a 36% increase in respiratory-related deaths overall.
Individuals with respiratory conditions should be cautious when transitioning from air-conditioned rooms to the heat, especially if it is humid, as it can trigger dyspnea and asthma attacks. Moreover, the increase in ozone levels during summer can further irritate the airways, particularly for those who already have conditions such as asthma.
In conclusion, individuals with certain diseases and medical conditions are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of heat. Careful monitoring, hydration, and medication management are vital to mitigate these risks. Patients should consult their doctors for any necessary adjustments to their treatment plans and inform them of any discomfort experienced during hot weather. Additionally, proper storage of medications away from heat sources and direct sunlight is crucial to maintain their efficacy. By taking these precautions, individuals can better ensure their well-being and mitigate the risks associated with hot weather.