Because there are people who are still not convinced of the effectiveness of the vaccine? The pillars on which vaccination hesitation is based are essentially four: time, awareness, personalization and trust. A study published in Clinical Medicine of The Lancet group, the result of collaboration between Catholic University, New York Medical College, Belgrade and Verona University. The studio is signed by Fidelia Cascini, Ana Pantovic, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Giovanna Failla and Walter Ricciardi.
The authors carried out a survey of all the published scientific literature, selecting 209 studies. The first finding was that vaccination hesitation rates vary widely and the highest are recorded in Arab countries. Among the four pillars of hesitation, in the first place: the time factor: people’s willingness to get vaccinated increases when they are allowed to wait longer, before receiving the vaccine and “from this point of view, the speed at which vaccines against Covid-19 have been developed increases the perception of their lack of safety”. “It is interesting to note that in some studies, people’s willingness to get vaccinated increased when they were offered to wait a little longer before receiving the vaccine. vaccine in the studies examined and were identified as the most frequent were the fear of the safety and side effects of the vaccine, its effectiveness and the speed used in the development of this vaccine, compared to other vaccines ».
The second obstacle to vaccine acceptance is the poor awareness of risks and benefits: among the most hesitant populations there are those of the gods low-income contexts, racial and low-educated minorities. “More complete and understandable information for everyone is the key to clearing doubts,” explain the authors.
The third problem is the lack of personalization in vaccine choice, made more complex by the speed with which information travels on the Internet and social networks. “Improving official communication strategies would facilitate dialogue with people.”
Finally, the lack of confidence in the vaccination operation weighs: having the impression of be in the presence of a competent, open and honest professional, plays a fundamental role in this sense. “It is therefore important to offer vaccinated people a family environment”.
“Vaccination hesitation is a multifactorial phenomenon influenced by a series of factors: cognitive, psychological, socio-demographic, political and cultural”, explains Fidelia Cascini, professor of General and Applied Hygiene at the Catholic University, Rome campus and first author of the study. “We hope – he concludes – that governments will use the findings of this study to adapt their strategies”.
I often hear praise of doubt, which is generally a very good thing. But the doubt that can legitimately concern the best shape a parachute should have cannot lead to doubts as to whether or not to open it while rushing. Get vaccinated, no doubt.
— Roberto Burioni (@RobertoBurioni) August 30, 2021
What the study says
The premise, the founding pillar with which the research opens is the importance of achieving herd immunity. “High vaccination rates are needed around the world to establish herd immunity and stop the current evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. The hesitation of the vaccine is a great barrier in achieving herd immunity in different populations », reads the beginning of the document available in Eclinal Medicine.
The research takes into account 209 studies.
The introduction traces the history of these latest vaccines and it is said the Covid pandemic immediately posed the problem of the development of a vaccine, as it was the only definitive key that could completely resolve the pandemic virus. And that Covid has produced a new time record in the development of any vaccine so far. As of the first quarter of 2021, there have been 85 clinical-stage and 184 pre-clinical stage vaccine candidates. On December 11, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued the first emergency clearance for a vaccine to prevent Covid-19 in individuals 16 years of age and older. Of the vaccines that have reached the fourth stage of clinical trials, four of them have been authorized. Two of these use an mRNA vaccine platform (candidates developed by Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and by BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer), one uses the novel adenovirus-vector platform for chimpanzees (developed by AstraZeneca and University of Oxford) and the fourth applied the inactivated virus (developed by Sinovac and Butantan Institute). After vaccine development, however, the real challenge is large-scale administration and readiness to receive it.
«Vaccines represent the greatest protection in the context of public healthhowever, to be successful, vaccination uptake must be high“, it is read. Indeed, it is said that high rates of vaccination coverage are needed to allow indirect protection for the whole community, the return of society to the normal model of life and reopen the global economy. «High vaccination rates are also crucial for achieving herd immunity in order to reduce Covid-19 transmission and create a decreased risk of infection among the general population and those most vulnerable to transmission.“, it is read. “LThe percentage of the population that must be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity could be as high as 82.5%The scholars write .
«Emerging literature searches over the past decade have suggested that vaccination hesitation has increased in recent years in many populations, including among healthcare professionals.They write again. Resistances have grown in the United States and Europe. This can also be seen by analyzing the level of absorption of the seasonal flu vaccine which has decreased, and the increase in measles outbreaks in recent years: «Although the vaccine was successful in eliminating measles in the United States, under-vaccinated and unvaccinated communities contributed to its reappearance. public health experts in terms of fighting infectious diseases. In 2019, WHO listed vaccination hesitation as one of the top ten threats to global health».
It therefore becomes essential to understand the reason for this hesitation and overcome it.
Focus on Europe
A total of 53 studies evaluated vaccine acceptance / existence rates among European countries, including Italy, France, UK, Denmark, Poland, Spain. «Studies from Portugal report low vaccine hesitation rates among patients with multiple sclerosis, while a survey conducted on the general population showed a remarkable willingness of people to receive the vaccine, however, more than half of the participants (55%) had stated that he would wait some time», We read in the study.
Here is the excerpt from the study he analyzes the situation in Italy. «Data from a longitudinal study from Italy observed that the readiness of adults to receive vaccination tended to increase during the lockdown phase, with increased hesitation after reopening and indeed, data obtained from cross-sectional studies in several Time points confirmed a declining trend in vaccine acceptance among this population. The surveys conducted in specific Italian regions report conflicting results, from a very high hesitation observed in Naples (76%), to a low one in Southern Italy (84.1%). A survey done on students as representatives of the younger population confirmed that the majority of them accept vaccination both in Naples and in southern Italy. Some specific populations that were also included in the surveys include homeless people, two thirds of whom expressed a willingness to get vaccinated, while a high rate (74%) of availability was also observed among celiac patients. Finally, studies that assessed the availability of parents / caregivers reported that English participants were less willing to vaccinate their children (48.2%) than Italian participants, where more than 90% were willing to let their children hire the recommended vaccine. However, recent data obtained from Naples report that a significantly smaller proportion of parents (less than 20%) would allow their children to be vaccinated.».
Why do you hesitate
Underlying the hesitation is the belief that the vaccine is unnecessary, that natural exposure to infections gives the safest protection, that Covid-19 vaccine tests have been insufficient, that the authorities are motivated by financial gain rather than people’s health, and they had conspiratorial beliefs and believed Covid-19 was overrated. «In Australia, participants identified as willing to vaccinate reported being exposed to media coverage to a greater extent. Among those identified as being in favor of the vaccine, some of the identified reasons and perceptions they had regarding the future Covid-19 vaccine were: trusting medical professionals and the government, expressing their concern about the epidemic, a desire to to return to normal life and to protect themselves and children and others or again: they perceived themselves as belonging to a high-risk group.
Too little time to develop a vaccine: this is a favorite thesis for those who are undecided. «Among the scientific community, it is known that the rigorous nature of the approval process of any Covid-19 vaccine has not been compromised.», We read in the study. And the researchers suggest that «tale understanding should be adequately conveyed to the public, primarily using health communication techniques on a variety of media platforms, as well as using community leaders and influencers within a given community. In addition, health communication communication must be employed to ensure that individuals are aware of their perceived risk of the disease. Promoting vaccination adoption with a positive attitude about self-protection and how the elderly and the most vulnerable can help increase acceptance».
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