After more than a month of continuous eruption, the old Cumbre Vieja volcano on the island of La Palma in Spain still shows no signs of calm. In the past week, more and more earthquakes, lava fountains, and volcanic ash and volcanic gas emissions have severely affected La Palma.Volcanic eruptions include sulfur dioxide (SO2), a pungent gas that reacts with oxygen and moisture to form gray volcanic smoke called Vog. Vog is composed of sulfuric acid and sulfate aerosols.
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On October 18, 2021, images obtained by NASA’s Aqua satellite showed faint traces of fog flowing to Europe. A few minutes later, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite measured the SO2 in the plume.
The image above shows where Aura detects SO2 in the planetary boundary layer, the lowest part of the atmosphere. The spatial resolution of the sensor is 13 square kilometers (5 square miles), giving the data a block-like quality.
Although weather patterns usually blow fog from the Cumbre Vieja volcano westward over the Atlantic Ocean, changes in wind direction periodically send plumes to the northeastern part of Europe. Simon Kahn, a volcanologist at Michigan Technological University, said: “This plume is sufficiently dispersed, and I expect to have the least impact on surface air quality. Compared with local air pollution sources, the acid rain over Europe is also the smallest.”
Satellite observations show that since the beginning of the eruption, the Cumbre Vieja volcano has released about 0.5 trillion grams (Tg) of sulfur dioxide, enough to make it one of the 50 largest sulfur dioxide emissions events since the satellite began measuring volcanic eruptions in 1978. However, the Cumbre Vieja volcano is still far behind other recent eruptions that lasted several months, such as Kilauea (Hawaii) in 2018 and Holuhraun (Iceland) in 2014.
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